to the Army's technological superiority has driven a reduction of the division casualty rates that are used to establish the force structure of the future. The assumption that future battlefields will be more survivable due. Along with the Army, the Medical Department has experienced a significant reduction in its force structure over the last ten years. These periods are generally accompanied by times of reduced defense budgets and military spending. Traditionally, the United States has downsized its armed forces after periods of military success. Myriam Salama-Carr is Honorary Research Fellow in Translation and Interpreting at the University of Manchester, UK. Hilary Footitt is Senior Research Fellow in the University of Reading, UK. Michael Kelly is Emeritus Professor of French at the University of Southampton, UK.

This comprehensive work will appeal to scholars from across the disciplines of linguistics, translation studies, history, and international relations and provide fresh insights for a broad range of practitioners interested in understanding the role and implications of foreign languages in war. The Handbook's 22 chapters powerfully illustrate how the encounter between languages is integral to almost all conflicts, to every phase of military operations and to the lived experiences of those on the ground, who meet, work and fight with speakers of other languages. They show that languages are woven into every aspect of the making of war and peace, and demonstrate how language shapes public policy and military strategy, setting frameworks and expectations. The contributors provide vibrant evidence to challenge the monolingual assumptions that have affected traditional views of war and conflict. It examines case studies of the role that languages have played in specific conflicts, from colonial times through to the Middle East and Africa today. It explores conceptual approaches, sources of information that are available, and the institutions and actors that mediate language encounters. This Handbook maps the contours of an exciting and burgeoning interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of language and languages in situations of conflict.

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